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History of cigarettes
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Gauloises
Gauloises are a French brand of cigarette, manufactured by Altadis. The name means “Gallic [cigarettes]”, and the emblem is the helmet of a Gallic warrior.
The brand first appeared in 1910. In 1925 the packaging was redesigned to a distinctive blue packet with a helmet design which is still used today. Filtered Gauloises appeared in the 1950’s. When the brand first appeared it was made from dark tobacco, but in 1984 the brand was extended to an American type blend of light tobacco, named Gauloises Blondes. A Gauloise lower tar version is also available, sold in a red packet.
Gauloise remain a popular brand of cigarettes worldwide, although sales have declined in recent years with the decline of cigarette smoking.
In September 2005, production in France ceased, and now the cigarettes are solely produced in Spain. The move followed from declining sales in France.
The brand is most famous for its very high strength cigarettes, especially in its original unfiltered form.
The writer Jean Paul Sartre was a famous smoker of Gauloises, and was rarely pictured without a cigarette in his hand. George Orwell also mentions that he smokes the brand in Down and Out in Paris and London. This, together with the romantic associations of France, makes Gauloises a popular brand among some writers and artists. The brand is also featured in the Roman Polanski film The Tenant.
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Histoire de la cigarette
La culture du tabac a son origine en Amérique, il y a plus de 3 000 ans. Les indiens roulent les feuilles de tabac jusqu’à obtenir une sorte de grand cigare qu’ils appellent “tabaco “. Dans leur calumet brûle également un mélange de plusieurs herbes dont le tabac et le chanvre. A la même époque, comme le tabac n’existe pas en Europe, les Romains et les Grecs, qui fumaient la pipe, emploient des feuilles d’eucalyptus et de poirier.
En 1492, lors de son expédition en Amérique, Christophe Colomb découvre le tabac et le rapporte en Europe, à la Cour Espagnole et Portugaise, où il est pendant longtemps utilisé comme simple plante d’ornement. Ce n’est qu’au milieu du XVIème siècle que le médecin personnel de Philippe II commence à propager le ” médicament universel ” : le tabac. Il sera introduit en France en 1556 par un moine d’Angoulême ; on l’appelle alors “herbe angoumoise”.
En 1560, Jean Nicot, croyant à l’effet curatif de la plante, envoie de la poudre à la Reine Catherine de Médicis afin de traiter les terribles migraines de son fils François II. Le traitement a du succès et le tabac devient ainsi ” l’herbe à la Reine “. Sa vente sous forme de poudre est réservée aux apothicaires. En l’honneur de Jean Nicot on appelle le tabac ” Nicotiana Tabacum “.
Plus communément, on le nomme “nicotiane”, “médicée”, “catherinaire”, “herbe de M. Le Prieur”, “herbe sainte”, “herbe à tous les maux”, “panacée antarctique” et finalement “herbe à ambassadeur”
C’est à la fin du XVIème siècle qu’apparaît le mot tabac. Au XVIIème siècle sous Louis XIV, Colbert décrète le ” Privilège de fabrication et de vente “. Celui-ci est d’abord concédé à des particuliers, puis à la seule Compagnie des Indes. La tabaculture devient un Monopole et rapidement les gouvernants voient les rentrées d’argent qu’ils peuvent espérer des taxes sur le tabac.
En 1719, sa culture est prohibée dans toute la France avec des condamnations qui peuvent aller jusqu’à la peine de mort. Exceptions : la Franche-Comté, la Flandre et l’Alsace. Elle le restera jusqu’en 1791.
En 1809, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, professeur de chimie de l’Ecole de Médecine de Paris isole un principe actif azoté des feuilles de tabac. La nicotine, quant à elle, sera identifiée quelques années plus tard. Mais ce n’est que vers 1843, que la première cigarette est inventée. Il faudra toutefois attendre le XXème siècle pour qu’elle devienne un “produit de consommation” courante.
En France, en 1926, le service d’exploitation industrielle des tabacs et allumettes (SEITA) est créé pour gérer le monopole. Les bénéfices du service sont versés à la caisse autonome pour l’amortissement des emprunts d’Etat. En 1939, la production recensée ou occulte dépasse largement les 2 700 millions de tonnes, elle a plus que doublé en quarante ans et la production de cigarettes est passée de 10 milliards en 1923 à 19 milliards en 1940.
L’organisation par les industriels du tabac de la distribution gratuite de cigarettes aux militaires pendant les deux guerres va également généraliser la consommation.
Mais la consommation de tabac n’a vraiment commencé à prendre de l’ampleur que depuis la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale avec l’arrivée des ” américaines “. La cigarette filtre, inventée en 1930, arrivera dans les foyers en 1950.
L’invention de la cigarette va initier la consommation de masse de cette drogue au niveau mondial en simplifiant sa prise. La consommation de tabac devient alors planétaire. En 1982, la production mondiale de cigarettes atteint 4 600 milliards d’unités.
Le XIXème siècle a vu la naissance de la cigarette, le XXème siècle va voir sa prépondérance coïncider avec le développement foudroyant des cancers du poumon, et autres affections tabagiques graves. Mais ça, c’est une autre histoire
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History
The history of smoking
2003 New York City bans smoking in all public places (31 March).
Advertising and promotion of tobacco banned in UK.
2002 British Medical Association claims there is ‘no safe level of environmental tobacco smoke’.
UK Government forced to increase cross-Channel shopping guidelines from 800 to 3,200 cigarettes per person.
Greater London Authority Investigative Comittee on Smoking in Public Places calls for more research into passive smoking but declines to recommend further restrictions on smoking in public places.
2000 Jury awards punitive damages of nearly $145bn against five US tobacco companies after a class action in the state of Florida.
Canadian health minister introduces graphic warnings on cigarette packs in Canada.
Supported by FOREST, cross-Channel shopper Gary Mullen goes to court and wins back 5,000 cigarettes that had been seized by Customs at Dover.
1999 UK hospitality industry introduce Voluntary Charter on Smoking in Public Places. Pubs and restaurants to introduce signs alerting customers to their policy on smoking.
First finding for an individual against a tobacco company. Jury in Portland, Oregon, awards family of Jesse Williams $81m against Philip Morris in punitive damages plus $821,485 in compensatory damages. Judge later reduces the punitive damages to $32 million and was then reinstated in 2002.
Two tobacco companies cleared of wrongdoing in the death of a smoker from lung cancer by a Louisiana jury.
UK Health and Safety Commission publishes draft Approved Code of Practice on Smoking at Work. Recommends, as a first option, that companies ban smoking at work, but admits that proving a link between between passive smoking and ill health would be difficult ‘give the state of the scientific evidence’. (When the final version is published in 2000, the Government declines to implement it.)
1998 46 US states embrace $206bn settlement with cigarette makers over health costs for treating sick smokers.
Tobacco executives testify before Congress that nicotine is addictive under current definitions of the word and that smoking may cause cancer.
1997 Federal judge rules that US Government can regulate tobacco as a drug.
1995 New York City passes Smoke-Free Air Act and strengthens Clean Indoor Air Act.
1994 Executives of seven largest US tobacco companies swear in Congressional testimony that nicotine isn’t addictive and deny manipulating nicotine levels in cigarettes.
Tobacco taxes cut in Canada to deal with smuggling problem.
Mississippi files first of 24 state lawsuits seeking to recoup millions from tobacco companies for smokers’ Medicaid bills.
Diana Castano, whose husband died of cancer, files case against the tobacco industry. It grows to include millions of smokers and an alliance of 60 lawyers for the plaintiffs.
MacDonalds bans smoking in all its restaurants
1993 Vermont bans smoking in indoor public places, the first US state to do so.
1992 Nicotine patches introduced.
US Supreme Court rules that warning labels on packs of cigarettes do not protect tobacco companies from lawsuits.
1990 Smoking banned on US interstate buses and all domestic airline flights of six hours or less.
1988 US Surgeon General concludes that nicotine is an addictive drug in his 20th report.
1987 US Congress bans smoking on airline flights of less than two hours.
1983 Rose Cipollone, a smoker dying from lung cancer, files a landmark lawsuit, which drags on for nine years. She is finally awarded $400,000, but the decision is overturned.
1973 First US federal restriction on smoking. Officials rule all airlines must create non-smoking sections.
1971 Government bans cigarette advertisements on radio.
Voluntary agreement by tobacco companies leads to print health warnings on packs in the UK.
1970 Broadcast ads for cigarettes are banned in America. Last advert is for Virginia Slims and is screened in 1971.
1965 Federal Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act requires US Surgeon General’s warnings on cigarette packs.
UK Government bans cigarette ads on television in the UK.
1964 US Surgeon General Luther Terry announces that smoking causes lung cancer.
1950 Evidence of a link between lung cancer and smoking published in the British Medical Journal. Research by Professor (now Sir) Richard Doll and A Bradford Hill.
1914 Outbreak of World War I sees cigarette rations introduced. Smoking hugely popular with soldiers in battlefields of northern Europe and cigarettes became known as ‘soldier’s smoke’.
1900 Smoking jackets and hats have been introduced for gentleman smokers. After-dinner cigar (with a glass of port or brandy) is now an established tradition in turn of the century Britain. Cigarettes also a part of life.
1858 Fears about the effects on smoking on health first raised in The Lancet.
1856 First cigarette factory opened. It was in Walworth, England, and owned by Robert Golag, a veteran of the Crimean War.
1832 First paper rolled cigarette. It is widely believed that the first paper rolled cigarettes were made by Egyptian soldiers fighting the Turkish-Egyptian war. Other historians suggest that Russians and Turks learned about cigarettes from the French, who in turn may have learned about smoking from the Spanish. It is thought that paupers in Seville were making a form of cigarette, known as a ‘papalette’, from the butts of discarded cigars and papers as early as the 17th century.
1830 First Cuban cigares (as they were then known) arrive in London. Sold by Robert Lewis in St James’s Street in 1830.
1600 Tobacco production now well established in the New World. Despite being banned by His Holiness Pope Clement VIII, who threatened anyone who smoked in a holy place with excommunication, smoking was becoming increasingly popular with Europeans.
1596-1645 Michael Feodorovich: the first Romanov Csar declared the use of tobacco a deadly sin in Russia and forbade possession for any purpose. Tobacco court established to try breaches of the law. Usual punishments were slitting of the lips or a terrible and sometimes fatal flogging. In Turkey, Persia and India, the death penalty was prescribed as a cure for the habit.
1595 Tobacco, the first book in the English language about tobacco, published.
1566-1625 King James I famously published his treatise,
‘A Counterblast to Tobacco’ in 1604. In it he described the plant as ‘an invention of Satan’ and banned tobacco from London’s alehouses. Later he had a change of heart, and ‘nationalized’ the burgeoning tobacco industry in England and even reduced tobacco taxes.
1565 (approx) First shipment of tobacco reaches Britain.
1552-1618 Sir Walter Raleigh: erroneously thought to have introduced tobacco to England. He did, though, popularized it in the court of Elizabeth I.
1542-1591 Richard Grenville (cousin of Sir Walter Raleigh): another contender for being British mariner who introduced tobacco to England.
1541-1596 Sir Francis Drake: the first sea captain to sail around the world may have been the man to introduce tobacco to England.
1532-1595 Sir John Hawkins: first English slave trader, he made three expeditions from Africa to the Caribbean in the 1560s and is the most likely candidate for being the first to bring tobacco to England.
1493 AD Rodrigo de Jerez became the first European smoker in history. One of Christopher Columbus’s fellow explorers, he took his first puff of the New World’s version of the cigar in Cuba. When he returned home he made the mistake of lighting up in public and was thrown into prison for three years by the Spanish Inquisition – becoming the world’s first victim of the anti-smoking lobby!
1000 BC People start using the leaves of the tobacco plant for smoking and chewing. How and why tobacco was first used in the Americas no one knows. The first users are thought to have been the Mayan civilizations of Central America. Its use was gradually adopted throughout the nations of Central and most of North and South America.
6000 BC Tobacco starts growing in the Americas. Tobacco in its original state is native only to the Americas.
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History Gitanes cigarette
The cigarette
Traditional Gauloises were short, wide, unfiltered and made with dark tobaccos from Syria and Turkey which gave off a strong and distinctive aroma. Some non-smokers likened this to burning tar or the smoke of what King James I of England, in A Counterblast to Tobacco, called “that pit which is bottomless”.
Brand History
The brand name itself is interesting. In France, they say la langue gauloise, mythologising the way in which the “Gauls” resisted Roman hegemony the more modern books and Paris theme park featuring “Asterix the Gaul” continue the process. To name a brand as ‘French’ is therefore to label it in a particularly iconic way, matching archetypes of heroism and patriotism. During its zenith between the World Wars, the smoking of Gauloises in France was considered patriotic and an affiliation with French “heartland” values. The brand was irrevocably associated with the cigarette-smoking poilu (a slang term for the French infantryman in the trenches) and the resistance fighters during the Vichy occupation of France. During the wars, smoking was characterised as “the soldier’s breakfast” a willingness to sacrifice the ordinary comforts of daily life and to show solidarity with the workers and soldiers in the war effort. The brand was also linked to high-status and inspirational figure representing the worlds of art (e.g. Pablo Picasso) and the intellectual elite (e.g. Jean Paul Sartre). George Orwell also mentions that he smokes the brand in Down and Out in Paris and London. This, together with the romantic associations of France, makes Gauloises a popular brand among some writers and artists. The brand is also featured in the Roman Polanski film The Tenant and the Robert De Niro and Jean Reno starrer Ronin, where it is smoked by Jean Reno’s character.Smoking Gauloises was also promoted as a contribution to the national good: a proportion of the profits from sale of Gauloises flowed to the Regie Francais Tabacs, a semi-governmental corporation charged with both controlling the use of tobacco, especially by minors, and directing its profits towards socially beneficial causes. The designers of the traditional Gauloise packet reinforced national identity by selecting a peculiarly French shade of blue (like the blues used in the work of French artist Yves Klein); this blue contains little compromise with other primary colors.
The legal environment
The cigarette was manufactured by Seita but 1999 proved to be a landmark year. The legal difficulties crystalised when a French health insurance fund filed a 51.33 million franc lawsuit against four cigarette companies, including Seita, to cover the estimated and continuing costs of treating the illnesses linked to cigarette smoking. This was followed by an action filed by the family of a deceased heavy smoker and the French state health insurer, Caisse Primaire d’Assurance Maladie, claiming compensation for the cost of the deceased’s medical treatment and for producing a dangerous and addictive product. Consequently, brand management was assigned to Altadis, with joint French and Spanish ownership, and this company continues manufacture and international distribution. This company is now facing legal action in its own right.Following Ireland and New York State among others, Spain has introduced a ban of smoking in nearly all public places, which went into effect per January 1st, 2006. In Spain, smoking is currently allowed only in special smoker’s areas in bars. A similar smoking ban in France, however, died in parliament in November 2005.
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Philip Morris Sues to Block Internet Cigarette Sales
The New York-based company’s cigarette unit, Philip Morris U.S.A., said it filed eight lawsuits in New York and Los Angeles against more than a dozen Web sites, seeking to block the sales. The suits accuse the Web vendors of using Philip Morris trademarks to promote and sell illegally imported cigarettes and making false claims about the legality of the sales. The tobacco industry increased prices after agreeing to a $206 billion settlement with 46 states in 1998, and many states and cities also levied additional taxes, putting the price of a pack of cigarettes to as much as $7.50 in New York City. More than 600 Web sites illegally sell cheaper cigarettes and “it appears to be growing,” said Philip Morris spokesman Brendan McCormick. “In the past, we have brought lawsuits against people using the black market in more traditional ways,” he said. “Now they are using the Internet.” The sites, with names such as cheapmarlboro.com, 18orless.com and dutyfree-cigarettes.com, are based overseas, such as in Russia, Spain and Switzerland, according to the suits. Shares of Philip Morris rose 46 cents to close at $43.15 in New York Stock Exchange composite trading. Black Market The black market cigarettes are either made in the U.S. and packaged for overseas sales or made overseas for sale there, McCormick said. All Philip Morris cigarettes sold in the U.S. are made in this country, and the company has notified the U.S. Customs service that it has not given permission for anyone to use its trademarks on imports, he said. The only legal remedy for Philip Morris is to sue for trademark infringement, false advertising and unfair competition. Only the states and federal government can sue for the lost tax revenue, McCormick said. The Web sites fail to ensure the cigarettes aren’t sold to children and don’t pay taxes, falsely claiming their products are tax-exempt, Philip Morris said. The company said it expects to file more suits as its investigation continues. In the suits, Philip Morris asks that a court order the sites to stop using company trademarks and halt the illegal importation. It also can ask the court to order the Internet service providers to shut down the sites, McCormick said. “Philip Morris U.S.A. is committed to pursuing all available options to ensure that its products are sold in strict compliance with the law,” Jack Holleran, vice president of brand integrity for Philip Morris U.S.A., said in a statement. In the 1998 settlement, the cigarette makers said they would pay about $206 billion over 25 years to settle the 46 states’ lawsuits seeking to recover their cost of treating smoking-related illnesses. As part of the settlement, the industry agreed to restrictions on outdoor advertising, brand-name sponsorships, and distribution of free samples and apparel that display cigarette brand names. The companies settled separately with the other four states. |
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Pubblicite
La traduction de la publicité:
Marlboro
L’Avertissement du chef des services de santé: la fumée de la cigarette contient du monoxyde de carbone.
La description de la publicité:
Cette publicité montre un homme qui fait une promenade à cheval. Il prend au lasso. La publicité a un air rustique. Le est très masculin et bourru. Quelqu’un qui voit cette publicité penserait que les Marlboro lui deviendra bourru. Le cowboy est une symbole très américaine. Il signifie la liberté, la virilité, et le masculinité. L’homme fait une promenade à cheval dans la campagne ouverte. C’est une symbole d’être libre des problèmes de la vie banale. La publicité est ironique parce que l’homme apparaît robuste et en bon santé, mais les recherches a dit que la fumée est la cause du cancer de poumon. Cette publicité est destiné aux hommes et quelques femmes aussi. Malheureusement, cette publicité plait aux vieux et aux jeunes. La publicité plait les vieux parce que le et jeune et vital. La publicité plait les jeunes parce qu’ils aiment l’indépendance et l’image du Le visage du est caché, donc il plait beaucoup de nationalités. C’est pourquoi la publicité est si efficace. Les français, les américains, les chinois, tout le monde peut comprendre cette publicité. La simplicité de la vie qui est reflété dans cette publicité est quelque chose que tout le monde veut. Il y a seulement un chose que fait mal dans cette publicité. C’est l’avertissement au bas de la page. L’avertissement diminue un peu l’effet de la publicité.
analyse:
Cette publicité a été trouvée sur la couverture arrière du magazine LIFE. La publicité est pour des cigarettes de Marlboro. La marque Marlboro est si bonne identifiée que le produit lui-même, des cigarettes, ne sont pas même mentionnés dans la publicité. Au lieu de cela, la publicité est très de base et symbolique. Le message qui cette publicité essaye d’obtenir à travers est clairement visuel. Les seuls mots dans la publicité sont l’avertissement du chirurgien général et le grand MARLBORO de rouge dans le fond. Intéressant, le slogan pour la marque de Marlboro n’inclut aucun mot.
Le slogan de Marlboro est réellement un graphisme, c’est le L’homme de Marlboro est évidemment le centre de cette publicité particulière. Il représente un idéal de la culture américaine. Le incarne la liberté, la rugosité, et le masculinité. Il n’y a aucun doute que le genre cibler pour cette publicité sont des mâles. Il est douteux que beaucoup de femmes identifieraient avec le caractère très masculin ou les qualités qu’il incarne. En outre, le est si réussi comme slogan puisqu’il n’utilise pas des mots là n’est aucun besoin de traduction à travers des langages. Il est compris autour du monde. Toutes les fois que les gens voient l’homme monter le cheval avec les mots Marlboro, ils associent immédiatement cela aux cigarettes.
La configuration de la publicité ajoute quelquechose à l’effet de la publicité aussi. L’éclairage est plutôt faible et bleuâtre. Il semble être lever de soleil ou coucher du soleil. Le seul monte sur son cheval par les zones ouvertes. Il n’a aucun soin, aucun effort de travail, des gosses, ou aucun de ces autres inquiétudes de la vie moderne. Le doit seulement s’inquiéter pour est lui-même et son cheval. Beaucoup de gens souhaitent pendant une vie qui insousiant. Ils commencent à associer ce style de vie à cette marque particulière de cigarette et puis, ils veulent acheter des cigarettes de marque de Marlboro.
Que cette publicité de Marlboro dit-elle au sujet de la culture américaine? Le est l’incorporation de l’ouest, une légende nationale. L’ouest évoque des images de la frontière et des espaces grands ouverts. L’esprit américain de l’aventure se résume dans la cowboy seule qui est en équitation par l’ouest sauvage.
Malheureusement, ce graphisme ne plait pas seulement au plus de partie datant de 18 ans du genre mâle. Le plait aux enfants aussi bien. Ils sont intrigués par l’homme plus grand que la vie sur le cheval. Ils veulent être comme lui. La mauvaise partie est que les enfants associent des cigarettes à l’image de ce cowboy. Ils pensent qu’ils doivent fumer afin d’adapter l’image. C’est pourquoi beaucoup des publicités de cigarettes ont été interdites récemment.
Il y a un problème qui affecte le succès de cette publicité. C’est l’avertissement proéminent du chirurgien générale dans le coin inférieur de la page. Il ressort du reste de la publicité parce que c’est blanc lumineux, par opposition au reste de la publicité, qui est soumise. L’avertissement est placé pour avertir des personnes que la fumée contient l’oxyde de carbone. C’est un risque sanitaire évident que la compagnie de cigarette plutôt le consommateur ne s’est pas associée à leurs cigarettes.
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